Tourism
DEFINITION
Tourism /ˈtʊərɪz(ə)m/ (noun)
there is no standard meaning of tourism, researchers adapt
their choice of concepts and meanings according to the demands of their work or
point of view. They give different definitions based on their own perception
and interest.
So, i assume that tourism is about temporary or short term
activity of touring at outside the place where they normally live, seeking for
pleasure or just recreation. For business or industry, they provide
information, accomodation, transportation, and other tourist’s service, this
aspect used by many countries as advocate for economic development. And there’s
commercial purposes for tourist travel. And tourism geography provide the essential
background, against which tourism places are created and activity taken place.
It including prominent economic, cultural, and politic aspect.
ARTICLE :
Summary of tourism and development theory
Tourism
has dominant theories of development, that are modernisation, dependency,
neo-liberalism and alternative development. It showed that development process
was progressive in many countries. Development theory invoked by factor such as
politics, economics, culture, and the environtment.
1. Modernisation
Theory
In modernisation theory, tourism has been advocated as a
development strategy to generate foreign exchange, increase the transfer of
technology, promote the cultures/values of life, etc. Tourists improved their
social structural status when they manage to travel and consume these
experiences and fulfil their ego needs. Butler proposes six stages of
development: involvement, exploration, development, consolidation, stagnation
and decline or rejuvenation. For example British seside resorts were
stagnating, so they have to rejuvenated when theme parks parks were introduced
or build at these resorts.
2. Dependency
Theory
The flow of mass tourists from central to peripheral
countries, and running of hotels and resorts, are oobject to various control
mechanisms in the former. According to dependency theory, tourism is an
industry, which is used by the developed countries to perpetuate the dependency
of the developing countries. For example, locals own several of the luxury
hotels in Penang, a tourist destination area in Malaysia. this action can
become a undevelopment of developing countries if there is exploitation or forcing.
Or like protected Komodo National Park in Indonesia, the distributional
economics inequality favoured external or urban residents rather than the
villagers. Ousider control most of the accomodation and boating facilities.
3. Neo-liberalism
Theory
Globalisation effect caused The oil crisis and economic
depression that occured in mid 1970s until mid 1980s has led an increase in
neo-liberalism in tourism development in many developing countries. For
example, the national government in Peru rolled back when President Alberto
Fujimori imposed a drastic cut in state spending on the tourism industry. The
state tourist board’s budget went down to zero until it could clearly define
and justify its role, and the Ministry of Industry, Tourism and Integration and
Commerce’s number of employees reduced from 2700 to 300, while state owned
hotels were privatised and fees were imposed at the state’s tourism school.
4. Alternative
Development
The concepts started to appear in the literature teo decades
ago. concepts of alternative tourism encompass a range of tourism strategies
that include ‘soft’, ‘responsible’, ‘green’, ‘appropriate’, ‘controlled’,
‘people friendly’, small scale’ and ‘cottage’ characteristics. Example, the
‘green movement’ puts promotion of environmental issue in tourism. Many of
tourist are part of ‘inner-directed’ lifestyle whose leisure pursuit are
motivated by new experience, creativity, human relation, and personal growth.
The indigenous of caribs have started to revive their traditional crafts and
culture that encourage by the government to participate on ecotourism
activities. That is empowerment and the participation of the local community in
sustainable tourism planning. Alternative development also use women as the
pulling factor. For example, tourism
employment where a majority of part-time workers in the hotel industry are
women. Male tourists who aim to travel to exotic places to indulge in sexual
encounters with prostitutes. Its called sex-tourism.
source :
www.wikipedia.com
